Computer Languages Notes

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Computer Languages

Languages are means of communication. Normally people interact with each other through a language. On the same Pattern, communication with computer is carried out through a Language. This language is understood by both user and the machine. Just as every language like English, Tibetan and Hindi has its grammatical rules, every computer language is bound by rules know as syntax of that language. The user is bound by that syntax while communicating with the computer system.
computer language means An artificial language used to write instructions that can be translated into machine language and then executed by a computer.
Syntax: Syntax is basically the structure of sentences. Sentences have to follow certain structural rules in order to make sense. You can’t just throw any words together to make a sentence!

Computer Language are broadly classified into two as below:

1) Low Level Language

2) High Level Language

Low Level Language
Low-level languages are designed to operate and handle the entire hardware and instructions set architecture of a computer directly.
Low-level languages are considered to be closer to computers. In other words, their prime function is to operate, manage and manipulate the computing hardware and components. Programs and applications written in low-level language are directly executable on the computing hardware without any interpretation or translation.
There are two types of Low level Languages
1) Machine Language
2) Assemble Language

Machine Language:

The language (in the form of 0’s and 1’s called binary numbers) understood directly by the computer. It is machine dependent. It is difficult to learn and even more difficult to write programs.
machinelanguage1

Assemble Language

The language where the machine codes comprising of 0’s and 1’s are substituted by symbolic codes (called mnemonics) to improve their understanding. it is the first step to improve programming structure. Assembly Language programming is simpler and less time consuming than Machine Level programming, it is easier to locate and correct errors in  assembly language than in machine language programs. It is also machine dependent. Programmers must have knowledge of the machine on which program will run.
AssemblyLanguage1

High Level Language

Unlike low level language requires extensive knowledge of the Hardware, high level language has been evolved which uses normal English like easy to understand statements to solve any problem. Higher level Language are computer independent and programming become quite easy and simple.
There are five different types of high level Languages are given below.
1) BASIC ( Beginner All Purpose symbolic Instruction Code)  It is widely used, easy to learn general purpose language. Mainly used in microcomputer in earlier days.
2) COBOL (Common Business Oriented language) A standardized language used for commercial applications.
3) FORTRAN ( Formula Translation ) Developed for  solving mathematical and scientific problems. One of the most popular languages among scientific community.
4) C: Structured Programming Language used for all purpose such as scientific application, commercial application, developing games etc

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